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Sea otters are large marine mammals spend their days foraging in kelp forests. They dive to the bottom to grab tasty morsels, plus sometimes rocks that they plan to use as tools. They these to the and float on their backs, using their bellies as tables as they get to work on opening and eating their snacks.

“Their preferred prey are usually urchins and abalone,” says Chris Law, a biologist at the of Texas and the University of Washington, who notes that urchins and abalone are relatively easy for otters to break apart.

But in places where lots of otters are living in Monterey Bay, “unfortunately, all those prey items have been declining or have declined,” says Law.

He says there are areas with an over-abundance of urchins ¡ª the so called “urchin barrens” where urchins have eaten all the kelp. Since the kelp is gone, however, these urchins no longer have a good food and are thus calorie-poor. They little nutritional value for otters, which aren’t interested in consuming these so-called “zombie urchins.”

“So that means otters have to eat alternative foods,” says Law. “A lot of those alternative foods are those super-hard-shell prey items that really some kind of external to break into.”

Snails, for example, are abundant in the bay, but they’re low-calorie and “basically like a rock that you have to break into to eat the insides,” says Law.

While sea otters are known for using tools, not all individuals wield them. Some otters forgo entirely and specialize in eating soft prey. Some otters use tools occasionally, while others use them most of the time that they’re foraging for food.

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